I Iran

Iiran – For years, the conversation about climate change focused on a single imperative: reduce emissions. Stop burning fossil fuels. Transition to renewable energy. Electrify transportation. These remain essential, but a growing consensus recognizes that emissions reduction alone is insufficient. The carbon already in the atmosphere—accumulated over centuries of industrialization—will continue to drive climate change for generations even if emissions stop today. The emerging solution is direct air capture (DAC): technology that removes carbon dioxide directly from the ambient air, reversing the accumulation that emissions reduction alone cannot address.

The Carbon Capture Milestone: How Direct Air Capture Is Becoming a Climate Solution

The breakthrough that transformed DAC from theoretical to practical came through advances in materials and process engineering. Early DAC systems were energy-intensive and expensive, with costs exceeding $600 per ton of carbon dioxide removed. New sorbent materials—substances that bind carbon dioxide—are dramatically more efficient. Solid sorbents that capture carbon dioxide at ambient temperatures and release it with modest heat have reduced energy consumption by more than 70 percent. Liquid sorbent systems that use chemical reactions to capture and release carbon dioxide have been optimized to reduce degradation and improve efficiency.

The scale of DAC deployment is accelerating. The world’s first million-ton-scale DAC facility, developed by Occidental Petroleum and Carbon Engineering, is under construction in Texas. The facility will capture carbon dioxide from the air and inject it into geological formations for permanent storage. Climeworks, the Swiss company that pioneered DAC, is expanding its Orca facility in Iceland and constructing new facilities in Europe and North America. A new generation of DAC startups is emerging with novel approaches that promise even lower costs and higher efficiency.

The economics of DAC are improving. The 2022 Inflation Reduction Act included a significant increase in the 45Q tax credit for carbon capture, providing up to $180 per ton for DAC. This credit, combined with California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard and voluntary carbon markets, creates a revenue stack that makes facilities economically viable. The cost of DAC has fallen from more than $600 per ton to the $200-300 range, with the Department of Energy targeting $100 per ton by 2030. At $100 per ton, DAC becomes competitive with other carbon management approaches and viable for large-scale deployment.

The energy requirements of DAC remain a challenge, but they are being addressed. The Texas facility will be powered by solar energy and geothermal heat. The Iceland facilities use geothermal energy exclusively. Researchers are developing DAC systems that integrate with industrial waste heat, using energy that would otherwise be wasted. The energy intensity of DAC, while still substantial, has dropped by more than 75 percent in a decade, with further improvements expected.

The storage of captured carbon dioxide is as important as the capture itself. The Texas facility will inject carbon dioxide into geological formations that have held oil and gas for millions of years. The Iceland facility mineralizes carbon dioxide, reacting it with basalt rock to form solid carbonate minerals that are stable for geological timescales. The capacity for geological storage is vast; the world’s sedimentary basins could hold centuries of accumulated emissions. The challenge is not storage capacity but the infrastructure to transport carbon dioxide from capture sites to storage sites.

The opposition to DAC comes from multiple directions. Some environmental groups argue that the technology provides an excuse to delay emissions reductions, a concern the industry acknowledges requires vigilance. Others question whether the energy required can be supplied without creating new emissions. The economics remain uncertain, with revenue dependent on carbon credit markets that have historically been volatile. These are legitimate concerns that the industry must address as it scales.

The scale required for DAC to meaningfully impact climate change is enormous. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change scenarios that achieve 1.5 degrees Celsius warming include the removal of 5 to 10 billion tons of carbon dioxide annually by mid-century—equivalent to the capacity of thousands of million-ton-scale facilities. Achieving this scale will require sustained investment, continued technological improvement, and the development of a skilled workforce. The facilities under construction represent the first steps toward this larger goal.

The carbon capture milestone is not the end of the climate challenge; it is the beginning of a new phase. Emissions reduction remains essential, but it is no longer sufficient. The carbon already in the atmosphere must be removed, and DAC is emerging as a viable approach to that removal. The technology has moved from scientific curiosity to commercial reality, with the first large-scale facilities demonstrating that atmospheric carbon removal is possible. The question is no longer whether DAC can work but how quickly it can scale to the level required.